Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is a common allergic disorder characterized by an overreaction of the immune system to particles in the air that are typically harmless to most people.

Causes and Triggers

• Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds
• Dust mites
• Mold spores
• Pet dander (especially from cats and dogs)
• Insect allergens (such as cockroach allergens)

Symptoms

• Sneezing
• Runny or itchy nose
• Nasal congestion or stuffiness
• Itchy, watery, red, or swollen eyes
• Coughing
• Postnasal drip (a sensation of mucus running down the back of the throat)
• Headaches
• Fatigue
• Loss of smell

Types of Allergic Rhinitis

• Seasonal allergic rhinitis: occurs during specific pollen seasons
• Perennial allergic rhinitis: occurs year-round, often due to indoor allergens like dust mites and pet dander

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is typically made based on a combination of:

• Medical history
• Physical examination
• Allergy testing, such as skin prick tests or blood tests (e.g., RAST or ELISA)

Treatment and Management

Treatment options include:

• Avoiding allergens
• Nasal corticosteroids
• Antihistamines
• Decongestants
• Immunotherapy (allergy shots or sublingual immunotherapy)

Complications

If left untreated or poorly managed, allergic rhinitis can lead to:

• Sinusitis
• Asthma
• Nasal polyps
• Eustachian tube dysfunction
• Sleep disturbances

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing allergic rhinitis or to minimize symptoms:

• Avoid exposure to known allergens
• Use HEPA filters and air purifiers
• Keep homes clean and dust-free
• Wash hands frequently, especially after petting animals
• Consider immunotherapy for long-term relief