Nasal Polyps

Nasal polyps are soft, painless, noncancerous growths on the lining of the nasal passages or sinuses. They result from chronic inflammation and are often associated with asthma, recurring infection, allergies, drug sensitivity, or certain immune disorders.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of nasal polyps is not fully understood, but they are thought to be the result of an interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and inflammatory responses. Risk factors include:

• Asthma
• Allergic rhinitis
• Chronic sinusitis
• Cystic fibrosis
• Aspirin sensitivity
• Hormonal changes
• Infections

Symptoms

Common symptoms of nasal polyps include:

• Nasal congestion or stuffiness
• Loss of smell (anosmia)
• Runny nose or discharge
• Sinus infections
• Facial pain or pressure
• Difficulty breathing through the nose
• Snoring or sleep apnea due to nasal obstruction

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of nasal polyps typically involves a combination of:

• Medical history and physical examination
• Nasal endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the nose to visualize the nasal passages.
• Imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI scans to evaluate the size and location of polyps and rule out other conditions.
• Allergy testing to identify potential allergens contributing to inflammation.

Treatment

Treatment for nasal polyps aims to reduce symptoms, shrink or remove polyps, and prevent recurrence. Options include:

• Nasal corticosteroids: Sprays or drops to reduce inflammation and swelling.
• Oral corticosteroids: For short-term use in severe cases to quickly reduce inflammation.
• Antihistamines and decongestants: To manage symptoms of allergies and congestion.
• Surgery (polypectomy): To remove polyps, especially if they are large or do not respond to medical treatment. Endoscopic sinus surgery may also be performed to improve drainage and reduce the risk of recurrence.

Complications

If left untreated, nasal polyps can lead to complications such as:

• Chronic sinusitis: Recurring or persistent infections in the sinuses.
• Nasal obstruction: Leading to breathing difficulties, sleep disorders, and quality of life issues.
• Loss of smell (anosmia): Permanent loss if polyps are not treated effectively.
• Asthma exacerbation: In patients with asthma, nasal polyps can worsen symptoms.

Prevention

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent nasal polyps, managing allergies and asthma, avoiding irritants, using saline nasal sprays, and maintaining good hygiene practices may help reduce the risk of developing them or minimize their impact if they do occur.