Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a rare heart condition characterized by an abnormal electrical pathway in the heart, known as an accessory electrical pathway. This extra pathway can cause the heart to beat too quickly, leading to symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

Causes and Risk Factors

WPW syndrome is usually present at birth (congenital) and is thought to affect about 1-3 people per 1,000. The exact cause of WPW syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to an abnormal development of the heart during fetal development. Some people with WPW syndrome may have a family history of the condition.

Symptoms

The symptoms of WPW syndrome can vary from person to person and may include:

• Palpitations (a feeling of skipped beats or irregular heartbeats)
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Fainting (syncope) or near-fainting spells
• Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)

Diagnosis

WPW syndrome is typically diagnosed using a combination of the following tests:

• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): This test measures the electrical activity of the heart and can show the presence of an accessory electrical pathway.
• Holter monitor: This is a portable device that records the heart's electrical activity over a 24-hour period.
• Event monitor: This is a small device that records the heart's electrical activity over a longer period, typically 30 days.
• Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to create images of the heart and can help rule out other conditions that may be causing symptoms.

Treatment

The treatment for WPW syndrome depends on the severity of symptoms and the presence of any underlying heart disease. Treatment options may include:

• Medications: Such as beta blockers, anti-arrhythmic medications, or digoxin to control heart rate and rhythm.
• Catheter ablation: A minimally invasive procedure that uses a catheter to destroy the accessory electrical pathway.
• Surgical ablation: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the accessory electrical pathway.

Complications

If left untreated, WPW syndrome can lead to complications such as:

• Atrial fibrillation (a type of irregular heartbeat)
• Ventricular fibrillation (a life-threatening arrhythmia)
• Cardiac arrest
• Stroke or heart attack

Prognosis

The prognosis for people with WPW syndrome is generally good, especially if treatment is started early. With proper treatment, most people with WPW syndrome can lead normal lives and participate in physical activities without restrictions.