Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood flow to the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. This blockage is usually due to a blood clot that forms in a coronary artery, which supplies blood to the heart.

Causes

The most common cause of myocardial infarction is atherosclerosis, a condition in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow to the heart. Other causes include:

• Blood clots
• Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
• Coronary artery spasm
• Emboli (blood clots that travel from another part of the body to the heart)

Symptoms

The symptoms of myocardial infarction can vary, but common ones include:

• Chest pain or discomfort (angina) that feels like pressure, tightness, or heaviness in the chest
• Pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw, or stomach
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Cold sweats or a feeling of being clammy
• Nausea or vomiting
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
• Fatigue or weakness

Types of Myocardial Infarction

There are several types of myocardial infarction, including:

• ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): This type of heart attack occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked.
• Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI): This type of heart attack occurs when a coronary artery is partially blocked.
• Microvascular myocardial infarction: This type of heart attack occurs when the small blood vessels in the heart become blocked.

Treatments

The goal of treatment for myocardial infarction is to restore blood flow to the heart and prevent further damage. Treatments may include:

• Medications:
  • Aspirin: to prevent blood clots from forming
  • Nitroglycerin: to widen the coronary arteries and improve blood flow
  • Beta blockers: to slow the heart rate and reduce blood pressure
  • ACE inhibitors: to lower blood pressure and reduce strain on the heart
• Procedures:
  • Angioplasty: a procedure in which a catheter is used to widen the blocked coronary artery
  • Stenting: a procedure in which a small mesh tube (stent) is placed in the blocked coronary artery to keep it open
  • Thrombectomy: a procedure in which a catheter is used to remove blood clots from the coronary arteries
• Surgery:
  • Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): a surgical procedure in which a healthy blood vessel is taken from another part of the body and used to bypass the blocked coronary artery

Complications

If left untreated, myocardial infarction can lead to serious complications, including:

• Heart failure: when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs
• Atrial fibrillation: a type of irregular heartbeat that can increase the risk of stroke and other complications
• Cardiac arrest: when the heart stops beating suddenly
• Death: myocardial infarction is a leading cause of death worldwide

Prevention

To reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, it's essential to:

• Maintain a healthy weight
• Eat a balanced diet that is low in saturated and trans fats, salt, and sugar
• Exercise regularly
• Manage stress
• Get enough sleep
• Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke
• Limits alcohol consumption
• Control blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and diabetes