Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Infection

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a type of bacteria that can cause illness in people of all ages. It is a common inhabitant of the gastrointestinal and genital tracts, but it can also cause invasive disease, particularly in newborns, pregnant women, and individuals with certain underlying medical conditions.

Transmission

GBS is typically transmitted through contact with contaminated bodily fluids, such as vaginal secretions or stool. Pregnant women can transmit GBS to their babies during delivery, which is why it is essential for expectant mothers to be screened for the bacteria between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation.

Risk Factors

Certain individuals are at a higher risk of developing GBS infection, including:

• Pregnant women, particularly those who have previously given birth to a baby with GBS disease
• Newborns, especially those born prematurely or with low birth weight
• Individuals with certain underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes, liver disease, or heart disease
• People with weakened immune systems, including those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy

Symptoms

The symptoms of GBS infection can vary depending on the individual and the severity of the illness. Common symptoms include:

• Fever
• Chills
• Pain or swelling at the site of infection
• Redness or warmth around the affected area
• Difficulty breathing (in severe cases)

Complications

If left untreated, GBS infection can lead to serious complications, including:

• Sepsis, a life-threatening condition that occurs when the bacteria enter the bloodstream
• Meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
• Pneumonia, an infection of the lungs
• Stillbirth or premature birth (in pregnant women)

Diagnosis

GBS infection is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including:

• Blood cultures to detect the presence of GBS in the bloodstream
• Urine tests to detect the presence of GBS in the urinary tract
• Swab tests to detect the presence of GBS in the vagina or rectum

Treatment

GBS infection is typically treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin or ampicillin. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide supportive care and monitor for complications.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of GBS transmission during delivery, pregnant women who test positive for GBS are typically given intravenous antibiotics during labor. Additionally, good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with individuals who have GBS infection, can help prevent the spread of the bacteria.