Acute Coronary Syndrome

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a range of conditions associated with sudden loss of blood flow to the heart, resulting from a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries. These conditions include myocardial infarction (heart attack), unstable angina, and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).

Causes

The primary cause of acute coronary syndrome is the formation of a blood clot in one or more of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. This clot can be triggered by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, which is a buildup of cholesterol and other substances on the inner wall of the artery.

Symptoms

The symptoms of acute coronary syndrome may vary depending on the severity of the condition, but common signs include:

• Chest pain or discomfort (angina) that feels like pressure, tightness, or heaviness in the chest, which may radiate to the arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Nausea and vomiting
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
• Cold sweats
• Fatigue

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome is based on a combination of clinical evaluation, electrocardiogram (ECG), and blood tests. The ECG can show signs of ischemia or infarction, while blood tests can detect elevated levels of cardiac biomarkers such as troponin.

Treatment

The treatment of acute coronary syndrome depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

• Medications to reduce pain, improve blood flow, and prevent further clotting, such as aspirin, beta blockers, and anticoagulants
• Thrombolytic therapy to dissolve the blood clot
• Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to open up the blocked artery using a balloon and stent
• Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery in some cases

Prevention

Preventing acute coronary syndrome involves managing risk factors such as:

• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• High cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Sedentary lifestyle

Lifestyle modifications, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress reduction, and quitting smoking, can help reduce the risk of developing acute coronary syndrome.