Valvular Heart Disease

Valvular heart disease refers to a condition where the valves of the heart do not function properly, disrupting the normal flow of blood through the heart. The heart has four valves: the mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, and aortic valve.

Types of Valvular Heart Disease

• Stenosis: Narrowing of the valve opening, which restricts blood flow.
• Regurgitation: Leaking of the valve, allowing blood to flow backward.
• Prolapse: Bulging of the valve into the adjacent chamber.
• Atresia: Complete blockage of the valve opening.

Causes of Valvular Heart Disease

Valvular heart disease can be caused by various factors, including:

• Rheumatic fever
• Endocarditis (infection of the inner lining of the heart)
• Cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle)
• Congenital heart defects (present at birth)
• Aging and wear and tear on the valves
• Trauma to the chest
• Certain medications, such as fenfluramine and phentermine

Symptoms of Valvular Heart Disease

The symptoms of valvular heart disease may vary depending on the severity and location of the valve problem. Common symptoms include:

• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
• Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
• Fatigue
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
• Palpitations or irregular heartbeat
• Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet

Diagnosis of Valvular Heart Disease

Valvular heart disease is typically diagnosed using a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests, including:

• Echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart)
• Chest X-ray
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
• Cardiac catheterization
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan

Treatment of Valvular Heart Disease

Treatment for valvular heart disease depends on the severity and location of the valve problem. Options may include:

• Medications to manage symptoms and slow disease progression
• Valve repair or replacement surgery
• Minimally invasive procedures, such as balloon valvuloplasty
• Lifestyle modifications, such as a healthy diet and regular exercise

Complications of Valvular Heart Disease

If left untreated or poorly managed, valvular heart disease can lead to complications, including:

• Heart failure
• Atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat)
• Endocarditis (infection of the inner lining of the heart)
• Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)
• Sudden cardiac death