Takayasu Arteritis

Takayasu arteritis is a rare form of large vessel vasculitis that primarily affects the aorta and its major branches. It is also known as "pulseless disease" due to the potential for reduced or absent pulses in the limbs.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of Takayasu arteritis is unknown, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the blood vessels. It is more common in women than men, and typically affects individuals between the ages of 15 and 40.

Symptoms

The symptoms of Takayasu arteritis can vary depending on which blood vessels are affected. Common symptoms include:

• Fatigue
• Weakness or pain in the arms or legs
• Reduced or absent pulses in the limbs
• High blood pressure
• Headaches
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Visual disturbances, such as blurred vision or double vision

Diagnosis

Takayasu arteritis can be difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms are often non-specific and may resemble those of other conditions. Diagnostic tests may include:

• Angiography: a test that uses X-rays and contrast dye to visualize the blood vessels
• Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA): a non-invasive test that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of the blood vessels
• Computed tomography angiography (CTA): a test that uses X-rays and contrast dye to produce detailed images of the blood vessels
• Blood tests: to check for inflammation and immune system activity

Treatment

Treatment for Takayasu arteritis typically involves a combination of medications, including:

• Corticosteroids: to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system
• Immunosuppressive agents: to reduce the activity of the immune system
• Antiplatelet agents: to prevent blood clots from forming
• Antihypertensive medications: to control high blood pressure

In some cases, surgery or angioplasty may be necessary to repair or bypass damaged blood vessels.

Prognosis

The prognosis for Takayasu arteritis varies depending on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. With proper treatment, many people with Takayasu arteritis can experience significant improvement in their symptoms and quality of life. However, the condition can be chronic and may require ongoing management to prevent complications.