Sunburn

Sunburn is a common condition that occurs when the skin is exposed to too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources, such as tanning beds.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Exposure to UV radiation, particularly during peak hours (10am-4pm) when the sun's rays are strongest
• Fair skin, which is more susceptible to sunburn due to lower levels of melanin, the pigment that protects the skin from UV radiation
• Use of certain medications, such as antibiotics and antihistamines, that increase sensitivity to UV radiation
• Reflection of UV radiation off surfaces like water, sand, and snow, which can increase exposure
• High altitudes, where the atmosphere is thinner and offers less protection against UV radiation

Symptoms

• Painful, red, and inflamed skin that may be warm to the touch
• Blisters or bumps on the affected area
• Swelling and itching of the affected area
• Fever, headache, and fatigue in severe cases
• Premature aging of the skin, including wrinkles and age spots, due to repeated sunburns

Stages of Sunburn

1. Mild sunburn: Redness and pain that resolves within a few days
2. Moderate sunburn: Blisters, swelling, and pain that may last for several days
3. Severe sunburn: Extensive blistering, swelling, and pain, as well as fever, headache, and fatigue

Treatment and Prevention

• Cool baths or showers to reduce heat and discomfort
• Topical creams and gels, such as aloe vera and hydrocortisone, to soothe and moisturize the skin
• Pain relievers, such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen, to reduce pain and inflammation
• Avoiding further sun exposure until the sunburn has healed
• Using sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of at least 30, applied regularly and liberally
• Seeking shade, especially during peak hours, and wearing protective clothing, such as hats and long-sleeved shirts

Complications

• Skin cancer: Repeated sunburns increase the risk of developing skin cancer, including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma
• Premature aging: Sunburns can cause photoaging, leading to wrinkles, age spots, and loss of skin elasticity
• Infections: Blisters and open sores from sunburns can become infected, especially if not properly cared for

Long-term Effects

Repeated sunburns can lead to long-term damage to the skin, including increased risk of skin cancer, premature aging, and photoaging. It is essential to take preventive measures to protect the skin from UV radiation and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen.