Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for approximately 80% of all skin cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates from the basal cells of the epidermis, which are the deepest layer of skin cells.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of BCC is not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified:

• Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds
• Fair skin, particularly in individuals with blonde or red hair and light-colored eyes
• Family history of BCC or other skin cancers
• Weakened immune system, such as in organ transplant recipients or those with HIV/AIDS
• Exposure to arsenic, radiation, or other carcinogens
• Previous scars, burns, or injuries that have damaged the skin

Symptoms and Signs

The symptoms of BCC can vary depending on the location and type of tumor. Common signs include:

• A small, shiny bump or nodule on the skin, often with a pearl-like appearance
• A flat, reddish patch on the skin that may be itchy or bleeding
• A sore or ulcer that does not heal
• A yellow or white waxy area on the skin
• Bleeding or oozing from a bump or nodule

Types of BCC

There are several subtypes of BCC, including:

• Nodular BCC: the most common type, characterized by a small, shiny bump
• Superficial BCC: a flat, reddish patch on the skin
• Morphoeic BCC: a rare and aggressive type that can invade surrounding tissue
• Pigmented BCC: a subtype with melanin pigmentation, often resembling a melanoma

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of BCC typically involves:

• Physical examination by a dermatologist or healthcare professional
• Biopsy: removing a sample of tissue for microscopic examination
• Dermoscopy: using a specialized microscope to examine the skin

Treatment Options

Treatment for BCC depends on the size, location, and type of tumor. Common treatment options include:

• Surgical excision: removing the tumor and surrounding tissue
• Mohs surgery: a specialized surgical technique that removes the tumor layer by layer
• Cryotherapy: freezing the tumor with liquid nitrogen
• Topical creams or ointments: applying medications directly to the skin
• Radiation therapy: using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells

Prognosis and Prevention

The prognosis for BCC is generally excellent, with a high cure rate if treated early. To prevent BCC:

• Avoid prolonged exposure to UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds
• Use protective clothing, such as hats and long-sleeved shirts, when outdoors
• Apply sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of at least 30 daily
• Conduct regular skin self-examinations to detect any changes or abnormalities

Complications and Recurrence

While BCC is generally not life-threatening, it can cause complications if left untreated, such as:

• Disfigurement or scarring
• Bleeding or infection
• Recurrence of the tumor
• Rarely, metastasis (spread) to other parts of the body