Oral Thrush (Mouth Thrush)

Oral thrush, also known as mouth thrush or oral candidiasis, is a fungal infection caused by the Candida fungus, typically Candida albicans. It occurs when there is an overgrowth of the Candida fungus in the mouth.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Weakened immune system: People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy, are more susceptible to oral thrush.
• Antibiotics: Taking antibiotics can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the mouth, leading to an overgrowth of Candida fungus.
• Dry mouth: A dry mouth can increase the risk of oral thrush, as saliva helps to wash away bacteria and fungi.
• Poor oral hygiene: Not brushing or flossing regularly can lead to an accumulation of bacteria and fungi in the mouth.
• Smoking: Smoking can reduce saliva production and increase the risk of oral thrush.
• Dentures: Wearing dentures, especially if they are not properly cleaned and maintained, can increase the risk of oral thrush.
• Diabetes: People with diabetes are more prone to oral thrush due to high blood sugar levels, which can promote the growth of Candida fungus.

Symptoms

• White patches on the tongue, inside of the cheeks, and on the gums
• Redness and inflammation in the mouth
• Pain or discomfort when eating or swallowing
• Bleeding or cracking at the corners of the mouth
• Foul taste or odor in the mouth
• Difficulty swallowing or speaking

Diagnosis

Oral thrush is typically diagnosed based on a physical examination and medical history. A healthcare provider may also perform the following tests:

• Visual examination: The healthcare provider will examine the mouth for white patches, redness, and other signs of oral thrush.
• Swab test: A swab sample may be taken from the affected area to check for the presence of Candida fungus.
• Blood tests: Blood tests may be performed to check for underlying conditions that may be contributing to the development of oral thrush, such as diabetes or a weakened immune system.

Treatment

Treatment for oral thrush typically involves antifungal medications, which can be administered topically or orally. The goal of treatment is to reduce the growth of Candida fungus and alleviate symptoms.

• Topical antifungals: Clotrimazole, miconazole, or nystatin may be prescribed as a mouthwash, lozenge, or cream to apply directly to the affected area.
• Oral antifungals: Fluconazole or itraconazole may be prescribed for more severe cases of oral thrush or for people with weakened immune systems.
• Good oral hygiene practices: Brushing and flossing regularly, as well as rinsing the mouth with salt water, can help to reduce the risk of oral thrush and promote healing.

Prevention

To prevent oral thrush, it is essential to practice good oral hygiene and take steps to maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the mouth.

• Brush and floss regularly: Brushing and flossing can help to remove bacteria and fungi from the mouth.
• Rinse with salt water: Rinsing the mouth with salt water can help to reduce inflammation and promote healing.
• Avoid smoking: Smoking can reduce saliva production and increase the risk of oral thrush.
• Visit the dentist regularly: Regular dental check-ups can help to identify and treat any underlying conditions that may be contributing to the development of oral thrush.

Complications

If left untreated, oral thrush can lead to complications such as:

• Spread of infection: The Candida fungus can spread to other parts of the body, such as the throat or digestive tract.
• Increased risk of other infections: People with weakened immune systems may be more susceptible to other infections, such as pneumonia or tuberculosis.
• Dental problems: Oral thrush can increase the risk of dental problems, such as tooth decay or gum disease.