Candidiasis

Candidiasis, also known as candidosis or moniliasis, is a fungal infection caused by any of the Candida species of yeast. It is a type of opportunistic oral infection that can affect various parts of the body.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Candida species are normally found on the skin and mucous membranes, but they can cause infection when the balance of microorganisms in the body is disrupted.
• Risk factors for candidiasis include a weakened immune system, diabetes, use of antibiotics or corticosteroids, and poor oral hygiene.
• Other risk factors include wearing dentures, taking immunosuppressive drugs, and having a history of cancer or HIV/AIDS.

Symptoms

• Oral candidiasis (thrush) is characterized by white patches on the tongue, inside of the cheeks, and throat, which can be painful and may bleed when scraped.
• Vaginal candidiasis (yeast infection) causes itching, burning, and redness in the vaginal area, as well as a thick, white discharge.
• Cutaneous candidiasis (skin infection) can cause redness, itching, and cracking of the skin, often in warm, moist areas such as the armpits or groin.
• Invasive candidiasis is a serious condition that occurs when Candida enters the bloodstream and spreads to other parts of the body, causing symptoms such as fever, chills, and organ dysfunction.

Diagnosis

• Physical examination and medical history are used to diagnose candidiasis.
• Laboratory tests, such as a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation or a fungal culture, can confirm the presence of Candida species.
• In some cases, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans may be used to evaluate the extent of the infection.

Treatment

• Topical antifungal medications, such as clotrimazole or miconazole, are commonly used to treat oral and cutaneous candidiasis.
• Vaginal candidiasis is typically treated with antifungal suppositories or creams, such as fluconazole or itraconazole.
• Invasive candidiasis requires systemic antifungal therapy, often with medications such as amphotericin B or echinocandins.
• Supportive care, such as maintaining good hygiene and managing underlying medical conditions, is also important in treating candidiasis.

Prevention

• Practicing good oral hygiene, including regular brushing and flossing, can help prevent oral candidiasis.
• Avoiding the use of antibiotics and corticosteroids when possible can reduce the risk of developing candidiasis.
• Wearing loose-fitting clothing and keeping the genital area clean and dry can help prevent vaginal candidiasis.
• Avoiding sharing personal care items, such as toothbrushes or razors, can also help prevent the spread of Candida species.

Complications

• If left untreated, candidiasis can lead to serious complications, such as sepsis or organ failure, particularly in people with weakened immune systems.
• Candidiasis can also increase the risk of developing other infections, such as bacterial or viral infections.