Neonatal Jaundice

Neonatal jaundice is a common condition that affects newborn babies, characterized by a yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes due to an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood.

Causes

• Physiological jaundice: This type of jaundice occurs in most newborns due to the breakdown of red blood cells and the liver's immaturity, which leads to a buildup of bilirubin.
• Pathological jaundice: This type of jaundice is caused by underlying medical conditions such as hemolytic disease, infection, or congenital abnormalities of the bile ducts.
• Breast milk jaundice: This type of jaundice occurs in breastfed babies due to substances in the mother's milk that can increase bilirubin levels.

Symptoms

• Yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes (sclera)
• Lethargy or sleepiness
• Poor feeding or weight loss
• Dark urine or pale stools

Risk Factors

• Preterm birth: Premature babies are more likely to develop jaundice due to their liver's immaturity.
• Low birth weight: Babies with low birth weight are at higher risk of developing jaundice.
• Cephalohematoma or bruising: Newborns with cephalohematoma or bruising are at increased risk of developing jaundice.
• Family history of jaundice: Babies with a family history of jaundice are more likely to develop the condition.

Diagnosis

• Physical examination: A healthcare provider will examine the baby's skin and eyes for signs of jaundice.
• Bilirubin test: A blood test is used to measure the level of bilirubin in the blood.
• Kernicterus assessment: A healthcare provider will assess the baby for signs of kernicterus, a serious complication of jaundice that can cause brain damage.

Treatment

• Phototherapy: Exposure to special lights that help break down bilirubin in the skin.
• Exchange transfusion: A blood transfusion that replaces the baby's blood with donor blood to reduce bilirubin levels.
• Hydration and monitoring: Ensuring the baby is well-hydrated and closely monitoring their condition for any signs of complications.

Complications

• Kernicterus: A serious complication that can cause brain damage, hearing loss, and developmental delays if left untreated.
• Cerebral palsy: In severe cases of kernicterus, babies may develop cerebral palsy.
• Hearing loss: Untreated jaundice can lead to hearing loss or impairment.

Prevention

• Early detection and treatment: Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can help identify jaundice early, reducing the risk of complications.
• Adequate hydration: Ensuring the baby is well-hydrated can help reduce the risk of jaundice.
• Breastfeeding support: Providing breastfeeding support and guidance to new mothers can help reduce the risk of breast milk jaundice.