Hematochezia

Hematochezia is a medical term that refers to the passage of fresh blood per rectum, typically presenting as bright red or maroon-colored stools.

Causes

• Gastrointestinal bleeding: Hematochezia can be caused by bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, which can originate from various sources such as ulcers, inflammation, infections, or tumors.
• Diverticulosis: Diverticula are small pouches that can form in the wall of the colon and can bleed, leading to hematochezia.
• Hemorrhoids: Enlarged veins in the rectum or anus can cause bleeding, resulting in hematochezia.
• Anal fissures: Tears in the lining of the anus can cause painful bleeding and hematochezia.
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can cause inflammation and bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to hematochezia.
• Colon cancer: Bleeding from colon cancer can present as hematochezia.
• Angiodysplasia: Abnormal blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract can cause bleeding and hematochezia.

Symptoms

• Bright red or maroon-colored stools
• Passage of fresh blood per rectum
• Pain or discomfort in the abdomen or rectum
• Nausea and vomiting
• Dizziness or lightheadedness due to blood loss

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hematochezia typically involves a combination of:

• Medical history: A thorough review of the patient's medical history to identify potential causes.
• Physical examination: A physical examination to assess for signs of bleeding or other underlying conditions.
• Endoscopy: A procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the inside of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Colonoscopy: A procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the inside of the colon.
• Imaging studies: Such as CT scans or MRI scans to evaluate the gastrointestinal tract and surrounding structures.

Treatment

Treatment for hematochezia depends on the underlying cause and may involve:

• Blood transfusions: To replace lost blood and prevent anemia.
• Medications: Such as anti-inflammatory medications or antibiotics to treat underlying conditions.
• Endoscopic procedures: To stop bleeding or remove polyps or tumors.
• Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove damaged tissue.