Cholesteatoma

Cholesteatoma is a type of skin cyst that occurs in the middle ear and mastoid bone, which are located behind the eardrum. It is a rare but serious condition that can cause damage to the surrounding bone and tissue if left untreated.

Causes and Risk Factors

Cholesteatoma is often caused by repeated ear infections, which can lead to the formation of a skin cyst in the middle ear. Other risk factors include:

• Eustachian tube dysfunction, which can cause fluid buildup in the middle ear
• Trauma to the ear or head
• Genetic predisposition
• Previous ear surgery

Symptoms

The symptoms of cholesteatoma can vary, but may include:

• Hearing loss, which can be gradual or sudden
• Discharge or drainage from the ear, which can be foul-smelling
• Ear pain or discomfort
• Dizziness or vertigo
• Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)

Diagnosis

Cholesteatoma is typically diagnosed through a combination of:

• Otoscopy, which involves visual examination of the ear canal and eardrum
• Computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the middle ear and mastoid bone
• Hearing tests, such as audiometry or tympanometry, to assess hearing loss

Treatment

Treatment for cholesteatoma usually involves surgery to remove the cyst and repair any damaged tissue. The goal of surgery is to:

• Remove the cholesteatoma and prevent further growth
• Repair or replace damaged bone or tissue
• Restore hearing, if possible
• Prevent complications, such as facial paralysis or brain infection

Complications

If left untreated, cholesteatoma can lead to serious complications, including:

• Facial paralysis or weakness
• Brain infection or abscess
• Meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord)
• Permanent hearing loss

Prognosis

The prognosis for cholesteatoma is generally good if treated promptly and effectively. However, the condition can recur, and ongoing monitoring and follow-up care are necessary to prevent further complications.