Scurvy

Scurvy is a disease caused by a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the diet. Vitamin C is essential for the production of collagen, a protein that gives structure to skin, bones, and connective tissue. Without sufficient vitamin C, the body's collagen production is impaired, leading to a range of symptoms.

Symptoms

The symptoms of scurvy can vary in severity and may include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Malaise (a general feeling of being unwell)
• Joint pain and swelling
• Muscle pain and weakness
• Bleeding gums and loose teeth
• Poor wound healing
• Anemia (low red blood cell count)
• Shortness of breath
• Cognitive impairment (confusion, depression, and anxiety)
• Skin problems, such as dry skin, petechiae (small red or purple spots), and ecchymoses (bruises)
• Hair loss
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

Causes and Risk Factors

Scurvy is caused by a lack of vitamin C in the diet. This can occur due to:

• Poor nutrition, such as a diet lacking in fruits and vegetables
• Malabsorption disorders, such as celiac disease or Crohn's disease
• Certain medical conditions, such as kidney disease or cancer
• Smoking
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding (increased vitamin C requirements)
• Aging (decreased vitamin C absorption)

Treatments

The primary treatment for scurvy is to increase vitamin C intake through dietary changes or supplements. Treatment options may include:

• Dietary changes: increasing consumption of vitamin C-rich foods, such as citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers, and leafy green vegetables
• Vitamin C supplements: oral or intravenous administration of vitamin C to rapidly replenish stores
• Addressing underlying medical conditions: treating malabsorption disorders, kidney disease, or other conditions that may be contributing to scurvy
• Wound care: proper wound cleaning and dressing to promote healing
• Pain management: medications to manage joint and muscle pain

Prevention

To prevent scurvy, it is essential to maintain a balanced diet rich in vitamin C. The recommended daily intake of vitamin C varies by age and sex:

• Adult men: 90 mg/day
• Adult women: 75 mg/day
• Pregnant women: 85 mg/day
• Breastfeeding women: 120 mg/day
• Smokers: an additional 35 mg/day

Complications

If left untreated, scurvy can lead to a range of complications, including:

• Anemia and related cardiovascular problems
• Increased risk of infections
• Poor wound healing and increased risk of amputations
• Cognitive impairment and dementia
• Death (in severe cases)

History

Scurvy has been a significant health problem throughout history, particularly among sailors and explorers who were at risk of vitamin C deficiency due to limited access to fresh fruits and vegetables. The disease was first described by the ancient Greeks, and it was a major contributor to mortality during the Age of Exploration.