Celiac Disease

Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the small intestine and is caused by a reaction to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.

Causes and Risk Factors

• The exact cause of celiac disease is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
• Gluten triggers an immune response that damages the lining of the small intestine, leading to malabsorption of nutrients.
• Individuals with a family history of celiac disease are at higher risk of developing the condition.
• Certain genetic markers, such as HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8, are associated with an increased risk of developing celiac disease.

Symptoms

• Diarrhea or abdominal pain
• Fatigue or weakness
• Weight loss or difficulty gaining weight
• Nausea and vomiting
• Bloating or gas
• Abdominal cramps
• Itchy skin rash

Diagnosis

• Physical examination and medical history
• Blood tests to detect the presence of certain antibodies, such as tissue transglutaminase antibody (tTGA) or endomysial antibody (EMA)
• Intestinal biopsy to examine the lining of the small intestine for damage
• Genetic testing to identify genetic markers associated with celiac disease

Treatment and Management

• A strict gluten-free diet is the primary treatment for celiac disease.
• Avoiding foods that contain wheat, barley, and rye, such as bread, pasta, cereals, and baked goods.
• Reading food labels carefully to identify hidden sources of gluten.
• Working with a registered dietitian or healthcare provider to develop a personalized meal plan.

Complications

• Malnutrition and deficiencies in vitamins and minerals, such as iron, calcium, and vitamin D.
• Osteoporosis or osteopenia due to malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D.
• Anemia due to malabsorption of iron.
• Increased risk of other autoimmune disorders, such as type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis.

Prevalence and Demographics

• Celiac disease affects approximately 1 in 100 people worldwide.
• The condition is more common in females than males.
• Celiac disease can occur at any age, but symptoms often appear during childhood or early adulthood.