Prediabetes

Prediabetes is a medical condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. It is also known as impaired glucose tolerance or borderline diabetes.

Causes and Risk Factors

Prediabetes is often caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Some of the risk factors for prediabetes include:

• Obesity or being overweight
• Physical inactivity
• Family history of diabetes
• Age (45 or older)
• Certain ethnicities, such as African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, or Asian American
• History of gestational diabetes or delivering a baby over 4 kg
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Sleep apnea
• Certain medications, such as steroids and certain psychiatric medications

Symptoms

Prediabetes often does not have any noticeable symptoms. However, some people may experience:

• Increased thirst and urination
• Blurred vision
• Fatigue or feeling tired
• Cuts or wounds that are slow to heal
• Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet

Diagnosis

Prediabetes is typically diagnosed using one of the following tests:

• Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test: measures blood sugar levels after an overnight fast
• Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): measures blood sugar levels after consuming a sugary drink
• Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test: measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months

Treatment and Management

The primary goal of treating prediabetes is to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes. Treatment typically involves:

• Lifestyle changes, such as:
  • Eating a healthy, balanced diet
  • Increasing physical activity, such as walking or other aerobic exercises
  • Losing weight, if necessary
  • Quitting smoking, if applicable
• Medications, such as metformin, may be prescribed in some cases to help regulate blood sugar levels

Complications

If left untreated, prediabetes can increase the risk of developing:

• Type 2 diabetes
• Heart disease and stroke
• Kidney damage
• Nerve damage (neuropathy)
• Blindness and eye problems
• Foot damage and amputations

Prevention

Prediabetes can often be prevented or delayed by:

• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Eating a balanced diet
• Engaging in regular physical activity
• Getting enough sleep
• Managing stress
• Not smoking