Nosebleeds

A nosebleed, also known as epistaxis, is the loss of blood from the tissue lining the nasal passages.

Causes of Nosebleeds

• Dry air: Low humidity can dry out the nasal membranes, making them more susceptible to bleeding.
• Nasal trauma: A blow to the nose or picking at the nose can cause blood vessels in the nasal passages to rupture.
• High blood pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause blood vessels in the nose to become fragile and bleed easily.
• Cold and allergies: Infections such as the common cold and allergies can cause inflammation and irritation of the nasal membranes, leading to bleeding.
• Tumors and cancer: In rare cases, a tumor or cancer in the nasal passages or sinuses can cause nosebleeds.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as anticoagulants (blood thinners) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can increase the risk of nosebleeds.
• Deviated septum: A deviated septum, which is a crooked partition between the two sides of the nasal passages, can cause uneven airflow and dryness, leading to bleeding.

Symptoms of Nosebleeds

• Blood flowing from one or both nostrils
• Swallowing blood, which can cause stomach upset and vomiting
• Feeling of fullness or congestion in the nasal passages
• Pain or pressure in the nose and face
• Dizziness or lightheadedness due to blood loss

Treatment of Nosebleeds

The treatment for a nosebleed depends on its severity. For minor nosebleeds, the following steps can be taken:

• Sit up straight and lean forward to prevent blood from flowing down the back of the throat.
• Pinch the nostrils shut with the thumb and index finger for 5-10 minutes to apply pressure to the bleeding site.
• Breathe through the mouth to avoid swallowing blood.
• Apply a cold compress or ice pack to the nose to constrict blood vessels.

For more severe nosebleeds, medical attention may be necessary. A doctor may:

• Use nasal packing or gauze to apply pressure to the bleeding site.
• Apply a topical anesthetic to numb the area and reduce pain.
• Use cauterization to seal the bleeding blood vessel.
• Prescribe medications to control bleeding and promote healing.

Prevention of Nosebleeds

To prevent nosebleeds, the following steps can be taken:

• Use a humidifier to add moisture to the air, especially during dry winter months.
• Avoid picking or blowing the nose too hard.
• Use saline nasal sprays to keep the nasal passages moist.
• Avoid exposure to irritants such as tobacco smoke and chemicals.
• Manage allergies and colds with medication and rest.

Complications of Nosebleeds

In rare cases, nosebleeds can lead to complications such as:

• Anemia due to excessive blood loss.
• Infection of the nasal passages or sinuses.
• Scarring or damage to the nasal septum.
• Respiratory problems, such as difficulty breathing or swallowing.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Seek medical attention immediately if:

• The nosebleed is heavy or doesn't stop after 20 minutes of pressure.
• The bleeding is accompanied by other symptoms such as headache, confusion, or difficulty breathing.
• There is a history of bleeding disorders or taking anticoagulant medications.
• The nosebleed occurs in a child under the age of 2 or an elderly person.