Nipple Discharge

Nipple discharge is a condition characterized by the release of fluid from the nipple of the breast. It can occur in both men and women, although it is more common in women.

Types of Nipple Discharge

• Physiological discharge: A normal, non-pathological discharge that occurs in response to hormonal changes or nipple stimulation. This type of discharge is usually clear or milky and may be seen during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
• Pathological discharge: An abnormal discharge that can be a sign of an underlying breast condition or disease. This type of discharge can be bloody, serous, or purulent.

Causes of Nipple Discharge

• Hormonal changes: Fluctuations in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause can cause nipple discharge.
• Breastfeeding: Nipple discharge is common during breastfeeding and can be caused by milk duct obstruction or other breastfeeding-related issues.
• Benign breast conditions: Conditions such as fibrocystic changes, breast cysts, or intraductal papillomas can cause nipple discharge.
• Breast cancer: In some cases, nipple discharge can be a symptom of breast cancer, particularly if it is bloody or occurs in only one breast.
• Infections: Breast infections such as mastitis or abscesses can cause nipple discharge.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as hormonal therapies or certain antidepressants, can cause nipple discharge as a side effect.

Characteristics of Nipple Discharge

• Color: The color of the discharge can vary and may be clear, milky, yellow, green, or bloody.
• Consistency: The consistency of the discharge can range from thin and watery to thick and sticky.
• Amount: The amount of discharge can vary from a small drop to a large amount.
• Duration: The duration of the discharge can be intermittent or continuous.

Evaluation and Diagnosis

A healthcare provider will typically perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and may order diagnostic tests such as:

• Mammography: A breast X-ray to evaluate the breast tissue.
• Ultrasound: A non-invasive test that uses sound waves to evaluate the breast tissue.
• Breast biopsy: A procedure to remove a sample of breast tissue for examination under a microscope.
• Ductography: A test that involves injecting a dye into the milk duct to visualize it on an X-ray.

Treatment

Treatment for nipple discharge depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Observation: Monitoring the discharge to see if it resolves on its own.
• Medications: Hormonal therapies or other medications to treat underlying conditions.
• Surgery: Surgical removal of a breast lesion or ductal system to treat underlying conditions.