Nausea and Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms that can be caused by a variety of factors, including gastrointestinal disorders, infections, medications, and other medical conditions.

Causes of Nausea and Vomiting

• Gastroenteritis (stomach flu): an infection of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a virus or bacteria
• Food poisoning: eating contaminated or spoiled food
• Motion sickness: caused by movement, such as during travel by car, boat, plane, or other vehicle
• Pregnancy: morning sickness is a common symptom experienced by many women during pregnancy
• Migraines and headaches: can cause nausea and vomiting
• Medications: certain medications, such as antibiotics, pain relievers, and chemotherapy, can cause nausea and vomiting as a side effect
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a condition in which stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus, causing symptoms including nausea and vomiting
• Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix, which can cause nausea and vomiting
• Intestinal obstruction: a blockage in the intestines that can cause nausea and vomiting

Symptoms

Nausea is a feeling of queasiness or discomfort in the stomach, which can lead to vomiting. Vomiting is the act of expelling food or other contents from the stomach through the mouth.

• Other symptoms that may accompany nausea and vomiting include:
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain or cramping
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Loss of appetite

Complications

If left untreated, nausea and vomiting can lead to complications such as:

• Dehydration: a lack of fluids in the body, which can cause serious health problems if not treated promptly
• Electrolyte imbalance: an imbalance of essential minerals in the body, which can disrupt various bodily functions
• Malnutrition: a lack of essential nutrients, which can weaken the immune system and lead to other health problems

Treatment

Treatment for nausea and vomiting depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, treatment may involve:

• Medications to control nausea and vomiting, such as antiemetics
• Fluid replacement to prevent dehydration
• Rest and relaxation to help manage symptoms
• Dietary changes, such as eating small, frequent meals or avoiding trigger foods
• Addressing underlying medical conditions, such as gastroenteritis or migraines

When to Seek Medical Attention

If you experience any of the following, seek medical attention:

• Vomiting blood or black tarry stools
• Severe abdominal pain or tenderness
• Fever above 101.5°F (38.6°C)
• Signs of dehydration, such as excessive thirst, dark urine, or dizziness
• Vomiting that lasts for more than 48 hours
• Nausea and vomiting that interferes with daily activities or worsens over time