Loss of Smell (Anosmia)

Loss of smell, also known as anosmia, is a condition where a person is unable to perceive smells. It can be temporary or permanent and can affect one or both nostrils.

Causes

• Viral infections: Such as the common cold, flu, and COVID-19, which can cause inflammation in the nasal passages and damage to the olfactory epithelium, leading to loss of smell.
• Nasal polyps: Growths that can block the nasal passages and reduce the ability to smell.
• Allergies: Such as hay fever, which can cause congestion and inflammation in the nasal passages, leading to loss of smell.
• Head injuries: Trauma to the head can damage the olfactory nerve, leading to loss of smell.
• Neurological disorders: Such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, which can affect the brain's ability to process smells.
• Certain medications: Such as antibiotics, antihistamines, and decongestants, which can alter the sense of smell.
• Aging: The sense of smell can decline with age, especially after the age of 60.

Symptoms

• Reduced or complete loss of ability to smell
• Distorted sense of smell (phantosmia)
• Decreased ability to taste food and drinks
• Nasal congestion or discharge

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of:

• Medical history
• Physical examination
• Smell tests (e.g. University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test)
• Imaging studies (e.g. CT or MRI scans) to rule out underlying conditions

Treatment

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Steroids to reduce inflammation
• Surgery to remove nasal polyps or other obstructions
• Olfactory training (smell therapy) to help regain the sense of smell

Complications

Prolonged loss of smell can lead to:

• Nutritional deficiencies due to decreased appetite
• Safety risks (e.g. inability to detect gas leaks or spoiled food)
• Emotional distress and reduced quality of life

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is loss of smell?
Loss of smell, also known as anosmia, is a condition where a person has difficulty perceiving smells.

What are common causes of loss of smell?
Common causes include nasal congestion, upper respiratory infections, head injuries, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's.

Can loss of smell be temporary?
Yes, loss of smell can be temporary, often resolving on its own once the underlying cause is treated.

Is loss of smell a symptom of COVID-19?
Yes, some people with COVID-19 may experience loss of smell, which can be sudden and severe.

Can medications cause loss of smell?
Certain medications, such as decongestants, antihistamines, and some antidepressants, may contribute to loss of smell in some individuals.

Is loss of smell related to age?
Older adults are more likely to experience loss of smell due to natural aging processes or underlying health conditions.

Can loss of smell be treated?
Treatment for loss of smell depends on the underlying cause and may involve addressing nasal congestion, infections, or other conditions.

Are there any home remedies for loss of smell?
Some people try using steam inhalation, saline nasal sprays, or smelling essential oils to help improve their sense of smell.

Should I see a doctor if I experience loss of smell?
It is recommended to consult a healthcare professional if loss of smell persists, worsens, or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms.

Can loss of smell be a sign of an underlying serious condition?
In some cases, loss of smell can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as a tumor or neurological disorder, and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.