Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a type of virus that belongs to the Pneumoviridae family. It was first identified in 2001 in the Netherlands and has since been recognized as a significant cause of respiratory illness worldwide.

Transmission

HMPV is primarily spread through respiratory droplets, such as those produced by coughing or sneezing, and can also be transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces. The virus can survive on surfaces for several hours and can be spread by individuals who are infected but not yet showing symptoms.

Symptoms

The symptoms of HMPV infection can range from mild to severe and may include:

• Fever
• Cough
• Runny nose
• Sore throat
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Fatigue
• Wheezing or difficulty breathing

Diagnosis

HMPV infection can be diagnosed through various laboratory tests, including:

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing
• Serology testing
• Viral culture
• Rapid antigen testing

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for HMPV infection, and management of the illness is typically focused on relieving symptoms. This may include:

• Rest and hydration
• Over-the-counter medications to reduce fever and relieve cough and congestion
• Oxygen therapy in severe cases
• Supportive care, such as hospitalization, in cases of severe illness or high-risk individuals

Complications

HMPV infection can lead to various complications, particularly in high-risk individuals, such as:

• Respiratory failure
• Pneumonia
• Bronchiolitis
• Asthma exacerbation
• Secondary bacterial infections

High-Risk Groups

Certain individuals are at increased risk of developing severe HMPV infection, including:

• Young children (under 5 years old)
• Older adults (over 65 years old)
• Individuals with underlying medical conditions, such as chronic lung disease or immunosuppression

Prevention

Preventive measures for HMPV infection include:

• Frequent hand washing and proper hygiene practices
• Avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick
• Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
• Staying home from work or school when ill to prevent transmission to others

Epidemiology

HMPV is a global pathogen, with outbreaks reported in various countries around the world. The virus typically circulates during the winter and early spring months, with peak activity often occurring between December and April.