Hepatitis B Vaccine

The Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that protects against hepatitis B, a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The vaccine is made from a portion of the HBV surface antigen and is produced through recombinant DNA technology.

Types of Hepatitis B Vaccines

There are several types of hepatitis B vaccines available, including:

• Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (e.g., Engerix-B, Recombivax HB)
• Plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine (e.g., Heptavax-B)
• Combination vaccines that protect against multiple diseases, including hepatitis B (e.g., Pediarix, Twinrix)

Administration and Dosage

The typical dosage schedule for the hepatitis B vaccine is as follows:

• Infants: 3 doses, typically given at birth, 1-2 months, and 6-18 months of age
• Children and adolescents: 3 doses, typically given at 0, 1, and 6 months
• Adults: 3 doses, typically given at 0, 1, and 6 months

Efficacy and Safety

The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective in preventing hepatitis B infection. Studies have shown that the vaccine is:

• 90-95% effective in preventing chronic HBV infection
• 85-90% effective in preventing acute HBV infection

The vaccine is generally well-tolerated, with common side effects including:

• Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache

Contraindications and Precautions

The hepatitis B vaccine is contraindicated in individuals with:

• A history of severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine or to any component of the vaccine
• A moderate or severe acute illness, with or without fever

Precautions should be taken when administering the vaccine to individuals with:

• A history of bleeding disorders or taking anticoagulant therapy
• Immunosuppression or immunodeficiency

Special Considerations

The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for:

• All infants at birth
• Children and adolescents who were not vaccinated at birth
• Adults who are at increased risk of HBV infection, including healthcare workers, individuals with multiple sex partners, and injection drug users
• Individuals traveling to areas with high or intermediate HBV endemicity