Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and damage. Risk factors include:

• Family history of autoimmune disorders
• Female sex (women are more likely to develop Hashimoto's than men)
• Middle age (peak incidence is between 40-60 years old)
• Other autoimmune disorders, such as type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis

Symptoms

The symptoms of Hashimoto's thyroiditis can vary from person to person and may develop gradually over time. Common symptoms include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
• Cold intolerance (feeling cold even in mild temperatures)
• Dry skin and hair loss
• Constipation
• Depression and anxiety
• Muscle aches and joint pain
• Heavy or irregular menstrual periods (in women)

Diagnosis

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is typically diagnosed with a combination of:

• Medical history and physical examination
• Thyroid function tests (TFTs), including:
• TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) test
• Free T4 (FT4) test
• Free T3 (FT3) test
• Antithyroid antibody tests, including:
• Anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies
• Anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibodies

Treatment

Treatment for Hashimoto's thyroiditis typically involves:

• Thyroid hormone replacement medication, such as levothyroxine (T4) or liothyronine (T3), to replace the missing hormones and alleviate symptoms
• Lifestyle modifications, including:
• Dietary changes (e.g., increasing iodine intake)
• Exercise and stress management
• Adequate sleep and relaxation techniques

Complications

If left untreated or undertreated, Hashimoto's thyroiditis can lead to complications such as:

• Goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland)
• Myxedema (a condition characterized by dry skin, hair loss, and swelling of the face and hands)
• Increased risk of heart disease and high cholesterol
• Infertility or miscarriage (in women)

Prognosis

With proper treatment and management, most people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis can lead normal, healthy lives. However, it is essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to monitor thyroid function and adjust treatment as needed.