Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD)

Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's motor skills, coordination, and balance. It is also known as Dyspraxia.

Definition

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), DCD is characterized by a persistent deficit in the acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills, which interferes with academic, occupational, or social activities.

Prevalence

DCD affects approximately 5-10% of children, with boys being more commonly affected than girls. The prevalence of DCD in adults is estimated to be around 4-6%.

Symptoms

• Difficulty with fine motor skills, such as:
  • Using scissors or utensils
  • Tying shoelaces
  • Buttoning shirts
• Difficulty with gross motor skills, such as:
  • Riding a bike
  • Catching or throwing a ball
  • Jumping or hopping
• Clumsiness and coordination problems
• Difficulty with balance and posture
• Sensory processing difficulties, such as:
  • Hypersensitivity to light or sound
  • Hyposensitivity to touch or movement
• Cognitive difficulties, such as:
  • Planning and organization
  • Time management
  • Attention and focus

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact causes of DCD are not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to:

• Genetic factors
• Prenatal and perinatal factors, such as:
  • Premature birth
  • Low birth weight
• Brain structure and function abnormalities
• Environmental factors, such as:
  • Lack of opportunities for physical activity
  • Exposure to toxins or pollutants

Diagnosis

DCD is typically diagnosed by a multidisciplinary team, including:

• Pediatricians
• Occupational therapists
• Physical therapists
• Psychologists

The diagnostic process involves:

• Medical history and physical examination
• Developmental and cognitive assessments
• Motor skills evaluations, such as:
  • Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Skills (Beery VMI)
  • Bruninks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2)

Treatment and Management

Treatment for DCD typically involves a combination of:

• Occupational therapy to improve motor skills and daily functioning
• Physical therapy to enhance gross motor skills and coordination
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy to address cognitive difficulties and emotional challenges
• Adaptive equipment and technology to support daily activities
• Accommodations and modifications in educational and work settings

Prognosis

With proper diagnosis, treatment, and support, individuals with DCD can lead fulfilling and productive lives. However, some may experience persistent difficulties with motor skills, coordination, and daily functioning.

Complications and Comorbidities

DCD often co-occurs with other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as:

• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
• Learning disabilities
• Anxiety and depression

Individuals with DCD may also be at risk for:

• Social isolation and stigma
• Low self-esteem and confidence
• Reduced participation in physical activities and sports