Cyclospora

Cyclospora is a type of intestinal infection caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. This parasite is typically spread through contaminated food or water.

Transmission

The primary mode of transmission for Cyclospora is through the consumption of contaminated food or water. The most common sources of contamination include:

• Fresh produce, such as raspberries, strawberries, and lettuce
• Contaminated water, including well water or water from lakes and rivers
• Unpasteurized juices and ciders

Symptoms

The symptoms of Cyclospora infection typically begin within 1-14 days after consuming contaminated food or water. Common symptoms include:

• Diarrhea, which can be watery and explosive
• Abdominal cramps
• Bloating and gas
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever
• Weight loss
• Fatigue

Diagnosis

Cyclospora infection is typically diagnosed through laboratory testing of stool samples. The most common tests used to diagnose Cyclospora include:

• Microscopic examination of stool samples
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing
• Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing

Treatment

The primary treatment for Cyclospora infection is antibiotic therapy. The most commonly used antibiotics include:

• Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
• Ciprofloxacin

Prevention

To prevent Cyclospora infection, it is recommended to:

• Wash hands frequently with soap and water
• Avoid consuming unpasteurized juices and ciders
• Avoid consuming raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood
• Wash fresh produce thoroughly before consumption
• Avoid drinking untreated water from lakes, rivers, or wells

Epidemiology

Cyclospora outbreaks have been reported worldwide, with the majority of cases occurring in tropical and subtropical regions. In the United States, Cyclospora outbreaks are typically associated with imported fresh produce.