Cerebral Aneurysm

A cerebral aneurysm is a weak or thin spot on an artery wall in the brain that balloons or bulges out, filled with blood. The artery wall can rupture, leading to bleeding in the brain, which is known as a subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Causes and Risk Factors

Cerebral aneurysms are often caused by a combination of factors, including:

• Genetic predisposition: Family history can increase the risk of developing cerebral aneurysms.
• Hypertension (high blood pressure): Uncontrolled high blood pressure can weaken artery walls and increase the risk of aneurysm formation.
• Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries): The buildup of plaque in the arteries can lead to weakening of the artery wall.
• Smoking: Smoking can damage the blood vessels and increase the risk of aneurysm formation.
• Trauma: Head injuries can cause cerebral aneurysms.
• Certain medical conditions: Conditions such as polycystic kidney disease, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and fibromuscular dysplasia can increase the risk of developing cerebral aneurysms.

Symptoms

Most cerebral aneurysms do not show symptoms until they rupture. However, some people may experience:

• Headaches: Severe and sudden headaches can be a symptom of a ruptured aneurysm.
• Nausea and vomiting
• Confusion and disorientation
• Seizures
• Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
• Dilated pupils
• Blurred vision or double vision
• Sensitivity to light

Diagnosis

Cerebral aneurysms are typically diagnosed using:

• Computed Tomography (CT) scans: To detect bleeding in the brain.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): To visualize the blood vessels and detect aneurysms.
• Angiogram: A procedure that uses contrast dye to visualize the blood vessels and detect aneurysms.
• Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): To check for blood in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Treatment

Treatment options for cerebral aneurysms depend on the size, location, and whether the aneurysm has ruptured. Treatment may include:

• Clipping: A surgical procedure where a neurosurgeon places a clip at the base of the aneurysm to prevent further bleeding.
• Coiling: A minimally invasive procedure where a catheter is used to deliver coils to the aneurysm, which block blood flow and prevent further bleeding.
• Flow diversion: A procedure where a stent is placed in the artery to divert blood flow away from the aneurysm.
• Medications: To manage symptoms such as pain, seizures, and high blood pressure.

Complications

Ruptured cerebral aneurysms can lead to serious complications, including:

• Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding in the space surrounding the brain.
• Vasospasm: Narrowing of the blood vessels, which can reduce blood flow to the brain.
• Hydrocephalus: Fluid buildup in the brain, which can increase pressure and cause further damage.
• Rebleeding: Further bleeding from the aneurysm, which can worsen symptoms and outcomes.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing cerebral aneurysms:

• Control high blood pressure through lifestyle changes and medication.
• Quit smoking.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Exercise regularly.
• Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.