Adhesive Capsulitis

Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is a medical condition characterized by stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Adhesive capsulitis can occur after a shoulder injury or surgery, but it can also develop without any apparent cause.
• Risk factors include diabetes, thyroid disorders, and Parkinson's disease.
• Aging is also a risk factor, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 40.

Symptoms

• Pain and stiffness in the shoulder joint, which can worsen at night or with certain movements.
• Loss of range of motion in the shoulder, making it difficult to perform everyday activities such as dressing or reaching.
• Freezing stage: pain and stiffness increase, and the shoulder becomes increasingly difficult to move.
• Frozen stage: pain may decrease, but the shoulder remains stiff and difficult to move.
• Thawing stage: range of motion slowly improves as the condition resolves.

Diagnosis

• Physical examination by a healthcare provider to assess range of motion and pain.
• Medical history to identify any underlying conditions that may be contributing to the development of adhesive capsulitis.
• Imaging tests such as X-rays or an MRI may be ordered to rule out other causes of shoulder pain and stiffness.

Treatment Options

• Pain management with over-the-counter or prescription medications such as NSAIDs, acetaminophen, or corticosteroids.
• Physical therapy to maintain range of motion and strengthen the shoulder muscles.
• Corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
• Surgery may be necessary in severe cases where other treatments have not been effective.

Prognosis and Prevention

• Most people with adhesive capsulitis can expect a full recovery, but it may take several months to several years.
• Prevention strategies include maintaining good shoulder mobility through regular exercise and avoiding prolonged periods of inactivity.
• Early treatment can help improve outcomes and reduce the risk of long-term complications such as chronic pain or limited range of motion.

Complications

• Chronic pain and stiffness if left untreated or undertreated.
• Limited range of motion, which can impact daily activities and quality of life.
• Increased risk of falls due to decreased mobility and strength in the shoulder.