Abnormal Liver Enzymes

Abnormal liver enzymes refer to elevated levels of certain enzymes in the blood that are produced by the liver. These enzymes include:

• Alanine transaminase (ALT)
• Aspartate transaminase (AST)
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
• Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

These enzymes are normally found in low levels in the blood, but when the liver is damaged or inflamed, they can leak into the bloodstream, causing elevated levels.

Causes of Abnormal Liver Enzymes

There are many potential causes of abnormal liver enzymes, including:

• Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) caused by viruses, such as hepatitis A, B, or C
• Fatty liver disease (steatosis)
• Alcoholic liver disease
• Medications, such as statins, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs
• Toxins, such as pesticides and heavy metals
• Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure
• Liver cancer or tumors
• Bile duct obstruction or blockage

Symptoms of Abnormal Liver Enzymes

Abnormal liver enzymes may not always cause noticeable symptoms, but when they do, they can include:

• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain or swelling
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Dark urine or pale stools

Diagnosis of Abnormal Liver Enzymes

Abnormal liver enzymes are typically diagnosed through a blood test, which measures the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT in the blood. Additional tests may be ordered to determine the underlying cause of the abnormal enzyme levels, such as:

• Imaging tests, such as ultrasound or CT scans
• Liver biopsy
• Viral hepatitis testing
• Autoimmune disorder testing

Treatment of Abnormal Liver Enzymes

Treatment for abnormal liver enzymes depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, while in others, medication or lifestyle changes may be recommended. Treatment options may include:

• Medications to reduce inflammation or prevent further liver damage
• Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, exercising regularly, and avoiding alcohol
• Viral hepatitis treatment, such as antiviral medications
• Surgery to remove tumors or repair bile duct obstruction