Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Vulvovaginal candidiasis, also known as vaginal yeast infection, is a type of fungal infection that affects the vulva and vagina. It is caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans, which is normally present in small amounts in the vagina.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis is not always known, but several factors can increase the risk of developing the infection. These include:

• Antibiotic use, which can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the vagina
• Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy or menstruation
• Diabetes, especially if it is not well-controlled
• Weakened immune system, such as in people with HIV/AIDS or those taking immunosuppressive medications
• Tight-fitting clothing, which can create a warm and moist environment that fosters fungal growth
• Poor hygiene, such as not wiping properly after using the bathroom

Symptoms

The symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis can vary from woman to woman, but common symptoms include:

• Itching or burning in the vulva and vagina
• Redness and swelling of the vulva and vagina
• Thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge
• Pain during urination or intercourse

Diagnosis

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is typically diagnosed based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. The diagnosis may involve:

• A pelvic exam to look for signs of infection, such as redness and swelling
• A wet mount test, which involves examining a sample of vaginal discharge under a microscope
• A potassium hydroxide (KOH) test, which involves applying a solution to a sample of vaginal discharge to help identify the presence of fungus
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• A fungal culture, which involves growing a sample of vaginal discharge in a laboratory to confirm the presence of Candida albicans

Treatment

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is typically treated with antifungal medications, which can be prescribed by a healthcare provider. Treatment options may include:

• Topical antifungal creams or suppositories, such as clotrimazole or miconazole
• Oral antifungal medications, such as fluconazole
• Boric acid suppositories, which can help to restore the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing vulvovaginal candidiasis, women can take several steps:

• Practice good hygiene, such as wiping properly after using the bathroom and avoiding scented soaps or bubble baths
• Avoid tight-fitting clothing and wear breathable underwear
• Change out of wet swimsuits or workout clothes as soon as possible
• Avoid douching, which can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina