Vaginal Thrush

Vaginal thrush, also known as vaginal candidiasis, is a common fungal infection that affects the vagina and surrounding areas. It is caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans, which is normally present in small amounts in the vagina.

Symptoms

The symptoms of vaginal thrush can vary from woman to woman, but common symptoms include:

• Itching and irritation in the vagina and vulva (the external genital area)
• Redness and swelling of the vulva
• A thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge that may have a yeasty or sour smell
• Pain or discomfort during sex
• Burning sensation while urinating
• Soreness or tenderness in the vaginal area

Causes and Risk Factors

Vaginal thrush is caused by an overgrowth of Candida albicans, which can be triggered by a number of factors, including:

• Antibiotic use, which can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the vagina
• Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy or menstruation
• Weakened immune system, such as in people with diabetes or HIV/AIDS
• Tight-fitting clothing, which can create a warm and moist environment that fosters fungal growth
• Poor hygiene, such as not wiping properly after using the bathroom
• Sexual activity, although vaginal thrush is not considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI)

Treatments

Treatment for vaginal thrush usually involves antifungal medications, which can be prescribed by a doctor or purchased over-the-counter. Treatment options include:

• Topical antifungal creams, such as clotrimazole or miconazole, which are applied directly to the affected area
• Antifungal suppositories, such as fluconazole, which are inserted into the vagina
• Oral antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, which are taken by mouth
• Natural remedies, such as tea tree oil or probiotics, although their effectiveness is not well established

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing vaginal thrush, women can take the following steps:

• Practice good hygiene, including wiping properly after using the bathroom and washing the genital area with mild soap and water
• Avoid using scented soaps or bubble baths, which can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina
• Wear loose-fitting clothing and cotton underwear to keep the genital area cool and dry
• Avoid tight-fitting pants or pantyhose, which can create a warm and moist environment that fosters fungal growth
• Change out of wet swimsuits or workout clothes as soon as possible
• Consider taking probiotics to support the growth of beneficial bacteria in the vagina

Complications

If left untreated, vaginal thrush can lead to complications such as:

• Recurring infections, which can be more difficult to treat
• Infection of the cervix or uterus
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious infection that can cause infertility and other complications
• Increased risk of HIV transmission, as vaginal thrush can cause inflammation and irritation in the genital area

Diagnosis

Vaginal thrush is typically diagnosed based on symptoms and a physical examination. A doctor may also perform a pelvic exam to check for signs of infection, such as redness or swelling. In some cases, a sample of discharge may be sent to a laboratory for testing to confirm the diagnosis.