Vaginal Candidiasis

Vaginal candidiasis, also known as vaginal yeast infection, is a type of fungal infection that affects the vagina and vulva. It is caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans, which is normally present in small amounts in the vagina.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of vaginal candidiasis is not always known, but several factors can increase the risk of developing the infection. These include:

• Antibiotic use, which can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the vagina
• Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy or menstruation
• Diabetes, especially if blood sugar levels are not well-controlled
• Weakened immune system, such as in people with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy
• Tight-fitting clothing, which can create a warm and moist environment that fosters fungal growth
• Poor hygiene, such as not wiping properly after using the bathroom

Symptoms

The symptoms of vaginal candidiasis can vary from woman to woman, but common signs include:

• Itching and burning in the vagina and vulva
• Redness and swelling of the vulva
• Thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge
• Pain during sex or urination

Diagnosis

Vaginal candidiasis is typically diagnosed based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. These may include:

• Pelvic exam to look for signs of infection
• Wet mount or KOH preparation to examine vaginal discharge under a microscope
• Culture test to identify the presence of Candida albicans

Treatment

Vaginal candidiasis can be treated with antifungal medications, which may be prescribed in various forms, including:

• Topical creams or suppositories, such as clotrimazole or miconazole
• Oral tablets, such as fluconazole

In addition to medication, there are several self-care measures that can help alleviate symptoms and prevent future infections, including:

• Wearing loose-fitting clothing and cotton underwear
• Avoiding scented soaps and douches
• Practicing good hygiene, such as wiping properly after using the bathroom
• Avoiding tight-fitting pants and pantyhose

Complications

If left untreated, vaginal candidiasis can lead to several complications, including:

• Recurring infections
• Increased risk of other infections, such as bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing vaginal candidiasis, women can take several preventive measures, including:

• Practicing good hygiene and wiping properly after using the bathroom
• Avoiding tight-fitting clothing and wearing cotton underwear
• Avoiding scented soaps and douches
• Managing diabetes and maintaining good blood sugar control
• Avoiding antibiotic use unless necessary