Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

An upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is a common illness that affects the upper parts of the respiratory system, including the nose, throat, and lungs. It is also known as a cold or flu-like illness.

Causes

Upper respiratory tract infections are usually caused by viruses, such as rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Bacteria can also cause URTIs, but this is less common. The infection can spread through the air when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes, or by touching surfaces that have come into contact with the virus.

Symptoms

The symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection can vary depending on the severity of the illness and the individual. Common symptoms include:

• Coughing and sneezing
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Sore throat
• Fever and chills
• Headache and fatigue
• Muscle aches and pains
• Loss of appetite

Diagnosis

A diagnosis of an upper respiratory tract infection is usually made based on the symptoms and physical examination. A healthcare professional may perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and order diagnostic tests such as:

• Rapid streptococcal antigen test (to check for strep throat)
• Mononucleosis spot test (to check for mononucleosis)
• Chest X-ray (to check for pneumonia or other complications)

Treatment

The treatment of an upper respiratory tract infection depends on the severity of the illness and the individual. In most cases, URTIs are self-limiting and can be managed with:

• Rest and hydration
• Over-the-counter medications such as pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen) and decongestants
• Saline nasal sprays or drops to help relieve congestion
• Throat lozenges or cough drops to soothe a sore throat

In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed if the URTI is caused by a bacterial infection. However, antibiotics are not effective against viral infections.

Complications

In rare cases, an upper respiratory tract infection can lead to complications such as:

• Pneumonia
• Bronchitis
• Sinusitis
• Otitis media (middle ear infection)
• Asthma exacerbation

Prevention

To reduce the risk of getting an upper respiratory tract infection, individuals can take the following steps:

• Practice good hygiene such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick
• Avoid touching eyes, nose, and mouth
• Get enough sleep and exercise regularly
• Manage stress effectively
• Get vaccinated against flu and other respiratory illnesses