Undescended Testicles

Undescended testicles, also known as cryptorchidism, is a condition where one or both testicles have not moved down into their proper position in the scrotum after birth. Normally, the testicles develop inside the abdominal cavity and then migrate down to the scrotum during fetal development or shortly after birth.

Symptoms

The symptoms of undescended testicles may include:

• One or both testicles are not visible in the scrotum
• A lump or swelling in the groin area, which may be a testicle that has not descended
• An empty scrotum on one or both sides
• A testicle that can be felt in the abdomen or groin area but cannot be moved down into the scrotum
• Pain or discomfort in the groin area, although this is not always present

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of undescended testicles is often unknown, but several factors may increase the risk of developing the condition. These include:

• Premature birth
• Low birth weight
• Family history of undescended testicles
• Certain genetic conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome
• Abnormalities in the development of the testicles or scrotum

Treatments

The treatment for undescended testicles depends on the age of the child and the severity of the condition. The goals of treatment are to:

• Move the testicle down into the scrotum, if possible
• Improve fertility potential
• Reduce the risk of complications, such as testicular cancer or infertility

Treatment options may include:

• Hormone therapy: Hormones, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), may be given to stimulate the testicle to move down into the scrotum.
• Surgery: Orchiopexy is a surgical procedure that brings the undescended testicle down into the scrotum. This is usually performed between 6 and 18 months of age.
• Watchful waiting: In some cases, the testicle may descend on its own within the first year of life. Regular check-ups with a doctor are necessary to monitor the condition.

Complications

If left untreated, undescended testicles can increase the risk of:

• Testicular cancer: Men with a history of undescended testicles have an increased risk of developing testicular cancer.
• Infertility: Undescended testicles can affect fertility, as the testicle may not be able to produce sperm properly.
• Torsion: The testicle can become twisted, cutting off its blood supply and leading to tissue death.
• Psychological issues: Boys with undescended testicles may experience emotional or psychological difficulties related to body image or self-esteem.

Prognosis

The prognosis for children with undescended testicles is generally good, especially if treatment is started early. With proper treatment, most boys can expect to have normal fertility and a reduced risk of complications. Regular follow-up appointments with a doctor are necessary to monitor the condition and address any potential issues.