Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

A thoracic aortic aneurysm is a medical condition where the aorta, the main blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body, balloons or dilates in the thoracic region. This can lead to a rupture, which is a life-threatening emergency.

Causes and Risk Factors

The causes of thoracic aortic aneurysm include:

• Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
• High blood pressure
• Genetic disorders, such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• Trauma to the chest
• Infections, such as endocarditis or syphilis
• Age (increased risk with age)
• Smoking
• Family history of aneurysms

Symptoms

Symptoms of thoracic aortic aneurysm may include:

• Chest pain or discomfort, which may radiate to the back or abdomen
• Shortness of breath
• Coughing or hoarseness
• Sweating or clamminess
• Pale or cool skin
• Rapid heartbeat
• Swallowing difficulties (dysphagia)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of thoracic aortic aneurysm is typically made using:

• Chest X-ray
• Computed Tomography (CT) scan
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Echocardiogram
• Aortography (a specialized imaging test that uses contrast dye to visualize the aorta)

Treatment and Management

Treatment for thoracic aortic aneurysm depends on the size, location, and severity of the aneurysm. Options may include:

• Monitoring with regular imaging tests to track the size and growth of the aneurysm
• Blood pressure management with medication or lifestyle changes
• Surgical repair, which may involve open surgery or endovascular repair (a minimally invasive procedure)
• Endovascular stent-grafting, a minimally invasive procedure that uses a stent to reinforce the weakened area of the aorta

Complications and Prognosis

Untreated thoracic aortic aneurysm can lead to serious complications, including:

• Rupture, which is often fatal if not treated promptly
• Aortic dissection (tearing of the inner layer of the aorta)
• Cardiac tamponade (fluid accumulation in the sac surrounding the heart)
• Respiratory failure
• Neurological deficits or paralysis

The prognosis for thoracic aortic aneurysm depends on the size, location, and severity of the aneurysm, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. With prompt medical attention and proper management, many people with thoracic aortic aneurysm can lead active and normal lives.