Swollen Ankles, Feet, and Legs (Oedema)

Oedema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid within the tissues of the body, leading to swelling. When it affects the ankles, feet, and legs, it can cause discomfort, pain, and limited mobility.

Causes of Oedema in Ankles, Feet, and Legs

• Cardiovascular diseases: Conditions such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, and peripheral artery disease can lead to oedema in the lower extremities.
• Kidney disease: Kidney problems, including nephrotic syndrome and kidney failure, can cause fluid retention and oedema.
• Liver disease: Liver conditions like cirrhosis can lead to fluid accumulation in the body, resulting in oedema.
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot in the deep veins of the legs can cause swelling and oedema.
• Lymphoedema: A condition characterized by the abnormal functioning of the lymphatic system, leading to fluid accumulation in the tissues.
• Pregnancy: Hormonal changes and increased blood volume during pregnancy can cause oedema in the ankles, feet, and legs.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids, hormone replacement therapy, and some blood pressure medications, can cause fluid retention and oedema.
• Injury or trauma: Injuries to the legs, ankles, or feet can cause swelling and oedema.
• Standing or walking for long periods: Prolonged standing or walking can cause fluid accumulation in the lower extremities.

Symptoms of Oedema in Ankles, Feet, and Legs

• Swelling in the ankles, feet, and legs
• Pain or discomfort in the affected areas
• Redness and warmth of the skin
• Increased weight due to fluid retention
• Fatigue and weakness
• Shortness of breath (in severe cases)

Diagnosis of Oedema in Ankles, Feet, and Legs

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to determine the underlying cause of oedema. Tests may include:

• Blood tests to check for kidney and liver function
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) to evaluate heart function
• Imaging studies, such as ultrasound or MRI, to visualize the affected areas
• Doppler studies to assess blood flow in the legs

Treatment of Oedema in Ankles, Feet, and Legs

Treatment depends on the underlying cause of oedema. Common treatments include:

• Elevation of the affected limb to reduce swelling
• Compression stockings or sleeves to improve circulation and reduce fluid accumulation
• Diuretics to increase urine production and reduce fluid retention
• Pain management medications to alleviate discomfort and pain
• Lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss, exercise, and dietary changes, to manage underlying conditions

Complications of Untreated Oedema in Ankles, Feet, and Legs

If left untreated, oedema can lead to complications such as:

• Skin ulcers and infections
• Cellulitis, a bacterial skin infection
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism
• Chronic venous insufficiency, a condition characterized by persistent swelling and skin changes