Surgery for Anal Fistula

Anal fistula surgery is a medical procedure aimed at treating an abnormal connection between the inside of the anus and the skin around it, known as an anal fistula. The goal of the surgery is to close the fistula, prevent infection, and promote healing.

Types of Surgical Procedures

• Fistulotomy: This is the most common surgical procedure for anal fistulas. It involves cutting open the fistula to allow it to heal from the bottom up. The surgeon may also remove any infected tissue.
• Seton placement: A seton is a piece of material, such as rubber or nylon, that is placed into the fistula to keep it open and allow it to drain. This can help reduce inflammation and promote healing.
• Fistulectomy: This involves removing the entire fistula tract. The surgeon may also remove any infected tissue and close the opening with stitches.
• Advancement flap procedure: This involves creating a flap of skin and tissue to cover the opening of the fistula. The flap is then stitched in place, allowing the area to heal.
• Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) procedure: This is a minimally invasive procedure that involves closing the internal opening of the fistula with stitches and removing any infected tissue.

Preparation for Surgery

Before undergoing surgery, patients typically undergo:

• Bowel preparation: To empty the bowel and reduce the risk of infection.
• Anesthesia evaluation: To determine the best type of anesthesia to use during the procedure.
• Medical history review: To identify any medical conditions that may affect the surgery or recovery.

Risks and Complications

As with any surgical procedure, there are risks and complications associated with anal fistula surgery, including:

• Infection: Bacterial infection can occur after surgery, which may require antibiotics or further treatment.
• Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during or after surgery can lead to complications.
• Fecal incontinence: Damage to the anal sphincter muscles can lead to fecal incontinence.
• Recurrence: The fistula may recur, requiring further treatment.

Recovery and Aftercare

After surgery, patients typically:

• Rest at home: For several days to allow the area to heal.
• Take pain medication: To manage discomfort and pain.
• Follow a bowel regimen: To prevent constipation and promote healing.
• Attend follow-up appointments: To monitor the healing process and remove any stitches or setons.

Outcome and Prognosis

The outcome of anal fistula surgery depends on various factors, including the type of procedure, the severity of the fistula, and the patient's overall health. In general, most patients experience significant improvement in symptoms and quality of life after surgery.