Stomatodynia

Stomatodynia, also known as burning mouth syndrome (BMS), is a chronic pain disorder characterized by a burning sensation in the mouth, tongue, lips, or throat without any visible signs of oral disease or pathology.

Definition and Prevalence

Stomatodynia is defined as a persistent, intraoral burning sensation that can be accompanied by other symptoms such as dryness, taste alterations, and oral discomfort. The exact prevalence of stomatodynia is unknown, but it is estimated to affect approximately 1-3% of the general population, with a higher incidence in postmenopausal women.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of stomatodynia is a burning sensation in the mouth, which can be constant or intermittent. Other symptoms may include:

• Dryness or feeling of cottonmouth
• Taste alterations (e.g., metallic, bitter, or sour taste)
• Oral discomfort or pain
• Sensitivity to temperature or texture
• Difficulty swallowing or eating

Etiology and Risk Factors

The exact cause of stomatodynia is unknown, but several factors are thought to contribute to its development, including:

• Hormonal changes (e.g., menopause)
• Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B12 or iron deficiency)
• Oral infections (e.g., candidiasis)
• Dental problems (e.g., gum disease, tooth decay)
• Medications (e.g., antidepressants, antihistamines)
• Psychological factors (e.g., anxiety, depression)

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing stomatodynia can be challenging due to the lack of visible signs or symptoms. A thorough medical and dental history, physical examination, and laboratory tests may be necessary to rule out other conditions that may be causing the symptoms.

Treatment for stomatodynia typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including:

• Topical anesthetics or pain relievers
• Oral medications (e.g., antidepressants, anticonvulsants)
• Nutritional supplements (e.g., vitamin B12, iron)
• Psychological therapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy)
• Oral hygiene and dental care

Prognosis and Management

The prognosis for stomatodynia is variable, with some patients experiencing significant improvement with treatment, while others may continue to experience symptoms. Management of the condition typically involves a long-term approach, with regular follow-up appointments with healthcare providers to monitor symptoms and adjust treatment as needed.