Stomach Ulcers

Stomach ulcers, also known as gastric ulcers, are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. They are a type of peptic ulcer disease.

What causes Stomach Ulcers?

Stomach ulcers are typically caused by an imbalance between the digestive enzymes and the protective lining of the stomach. This can be due to:

• Infection with the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
• Long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or aspirin
• Excessive acid production in the stomach
• Stress and anxiety
• Certain medical conditions, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Symptoms of Stomach Ulcers

The symptoms of stomach ulcers can vary from person to person, but common symptoms include:

• Burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen that may radiate to the back
• Pain that worsens with food or drink, especially acidic or spicy foods
• Pain that improves with antacids or acid-reducing medications
• Nausea and vomiting
• Bloating and discomfort in the upper abdomen
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Black, tarry stools (melena) or bloody stools (hematochezia)

Diagnosis of Stomach Ulcers

Stomach ulcers are typically diagnosed using a combination of the following tests:

• Endoscopy: a flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth to visualize the stomach and duodenum
• Upper GI series: a barium swallow test that uses X-rays to visualize the upper digestive tract
• Blood tests: to check for H. pylori infection or anemia
• Stool tests: to check for blood or H. pylori infection

Treatments for Stomach Ulcers

The treatment of stomach ulcers depends on the underlying cause, but common treatments include:

• Antibiotics: to treat H. pylori infection
• Acid-reducing medications: such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine-2 (H2) blockers
• Antacids: to neutralize stomach acid
• Protective medications: such as sucralfate or misoprostol to protect the stomach lining
• Lifestyle changes: avoiding NSAIDs, quitting smoking, reducing stress and anxiety, and eating a balanced diet

Complications of Stomach Ulcers

If left untreated, stomach ulcers can lead to complications such as:

• Bleeding: which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly
• Perforation: a hole in the wall of the stomach or duodenum that can lead to peritonitis (inflammation of the abdominal cavity)
• Obstruction: narrowing of the stomach or duodenum that can block food from passing through
• Cancer: although rare, stomach ulcers can increase the risk of developing stomach cancer

Prevention of Stomach Ulcers

To prevent stomach ulcers, it is recommended to:

• Avoid NSAIDs or use them with caution
• Quit smoking
• Reduce stress and anxiety
• Eat a balanced diet that includes foods high in fiber and low in acid
• Avoid spicy, fatty, or acidic foods that can irritate the stomach lining