Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of skin cancer that originates from squamous cells, which are the flat, thin cells that make up the outer layer of the skin. It is the second most common type of skin cancer, after basal cell carcinoma.

Causes and Risk Factors

SCC is caused by mutations in the DNA of squamous cells, which can be triggered by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Other risk factors include:

• Age: SCC is more common in older adults, especially those over 50 years old
• Fair skin: People with fair skin are more susceptible to SCC due to their lack of melanin, which protects the skin from UV radiation
• Weakened immune system: Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as organ transplant recipients or those with HIV/AIDS, are at higher risk of developing SCC
• Previous skin cancer: People who have had previous skin cancers, including SCC, are at increased risk of developing new skin cancers
• Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as arsenic and polycyclic hydrocarbons, has been linked to an increased risk of SCC

Symptoms

The symptoms of SCC can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include:

• A firm, red nodule or bump on the skin
• A flat, scaly patch on the skin that may be pink or red
• A sore or ulcer that does not heal
• Bleeding or oozing from a tumor
• Itching or tenderness in the affected area

Diagnosis

SCC is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, biopsy, and laboratory tests. A dermatologist may perform a:

• Visual examination: To look for signs of skin cancer, such as abnormal growths or changes in the skin
• Biospy: To remove a sample of tissue from the affected area and examine it under a microscope for cancer cells
• Dermoscopy: To use a special magnifying glass to examine the skin more closely

Treatment

Treatment for SCC depends on the size, location, and stage of the tumor. Common treatments include:

• Surgical excision: To remove the tumor and surrounding tissue
• Mohs surgery: A specialized surgical procedure that removes the tumor layer by layer, examining each layer under a microscope until all cancer cells are removed
• Radiation therapy: To kill cancer cells using high-energy rays
• Topical creams or ointments: To treat early-stage SCC or prevent recurrence

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing SCC, it is essential to:

• Protect the skin from UV radiation by seeking shade, wearing protective clothing, and using sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of at least 30
• Avoid tanning beds and artificial sources of UV radiation
• Conduct regular skin self-examinations to detect any changes or abnormalities in the skin
• See a dermatologist for annual skin checks, especially if you have a history of skin cancer or are at high risk

Prognosis

The prognosis for SCC is generally good if caught early. The 5-year survival rate for people with SCC is around 90%. However, if left untreated or diagnosed at an advanced stage, SCC can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening.