Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of cancer that originates in the squamous cells, which are the flat, thin cells that make up the outer layer of the skin and lining of some organs.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds is a major risk factor for developing SCC.
• Other risk factors include fair skin, blonde or red hair, and a history of previous skin cancer or precancerous lesions.
• Weakened immune system, such as in people with HIV/AIDS or those taking immunosuppressive medications, can also increase the risk of developing SCC.
• Exposure to certain chemicals, such as arsenic and polycyclic hydrocarbons, has been linked to an increased risk of SCC.

Symptoms

• A new or changing skin growth, such as a bump, sore, or red patch, is the most common symptom of SCC.
• The growth may be painful, itchy, or tender to the touch.
• SCC can also cause bleeding or oozing from the affected area.
• In some cases, SCC can cause a sore that does not heal or a patch of skin that is scaly, crusty, or has a rough texture.

Types of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: This type of SCC occurs on the skin and is the most common form of the disease.
• Mucosal squamous cell carcinoma: This type of SCC occurs in the mucous membranes, such as the lips, mouth, and genital area.
• Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma: This is a rare subtype of SCC that occurs in the glands of the skin.

Diagnosis

• A physical examination and medical history are typically used to diagnose SCC.
• A biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue from the affected area, is usually necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
• Imaging tests, such as X-rays or CT scans, may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Treatment Options

• Surgical excision: This involves removing the tumor and a margin of healthy tissue around it.
• Mohs surgery: This is a specialized surgical technique that involves removing the tumor layer by layer, examining each layer under a microscope until all cancerous cells are removed.
• Radiation therapy: This uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and may be used in combination with surgery or as an alternative to surgery.
• Chemotherapy: This involves using medications to kill cancer cells and may be used to treat advanced SCC that has spread to other parts of the body.

Prognosis

The prognosis for SCC depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, as well as whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. If caught early, SCC is highly treatable and curable. However, if left untreated or if it spreads to other parts of the body, SCC can be life-threatening.

Prevention

• Avoiding exposure to UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds is the most effective way to prevent SCC.
• Using sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of at least 30 and reapplying every two hours can help protect against UV radiation.
• Wearing protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts and pants, and seeking shade when spending time outdoors can also help prevent SCC.