Slow Heartbeat (Bradycardia)

A slow heartbeat, also known as bradycardia, is a condition where the heart beats too slowly. A normal heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm). In bradycardia, the heart rate is less than 60 bpm.

Causes

• Athletes and physically fit individuals: A slow heartbeat can be a normal finding in athletes and individuals who are physically fit, as their hearts are more efficient and don't need to beat as quickly to meet the body's needs.
• Sleep: Heart rate slows down during sleep, especially during the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as beta blockers, can slow down the heart rate.
• Underlying medical conditions: Conditions like hypothyroidism, anemia, and sleep apnea can cause a slow heartbeat.
• Electrolyte imbalance: Abnormal levels of electrolytes like potassium, magnesium, or calcium can affect heart function and lead to bradycardia.
• Heart conditions: Certain heart conditions, such as heart block or sick sinus syndrome, can cause a slow heartbeat.

Symptoms

• Fatigue: A slow heartbeat can lead to reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to the body's tissues, causing fatigue.
• Dizziness or lightheadedness: Reduced blood flow to the brain can cause dizziness or lightheadedness.
• Shortness of breath: In severe cases, bradycardia can lead to shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
• Chest pain or discomfort: In some cases, a slow heartbeat can cause chest pain or discomfort.
• Fainting (syncope): Severe bradycardia can cause fainting or loss of consciousness.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing bradycardia typically involves:

• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): An ECG measures the heart's electrical activity and can detect a slow heartbeat.
• Physical examination: A physical exam can help identify underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to bradycardia.
• Medical history: A thorough medical history can help identify potential causes of bradycardia, such as medications or underlying medical conditions.
• Blood tests: Blood tests can help identify electrolyte imbalances or other underlying conditions that may be contributing to bradycardia.

Treatment

Treatment for bradycardia depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. In some cases, no treatment is needed, while in others, medication or a pacemaker may be necessary.

• Medications: Medications like atropine or epinephrine can help increase heart rate in emergency situations.
• Pacemakers: A pacemaker is a small device that is implanted under the skin to help regulate the heartbeat.
• Lifestyle changes: In some cases, lifestyle changes like increasing physical activity or managing underlying medical conditions can help alleviate symptoms of bradycardia.