Sigmoidoscopy

A sigmoidoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the sigmoid colon and rectum, which are the lower parts of the large intestine.

Purpose

The purpose of a sigmoidoscopy is to:

• Diagnose and monitor conditions such as colorectal cancer, polyps, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Investigate symptoms such as rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
• Screen for colon cancer in individuals with a family history or other risk factors

Procedure

A sigmoidoscopy is typically performed on an outpatient basis and takes about 10-20 minutes to complete.

1. The patient lies on their side on an examination table, with their knees drawn up towards their chest
2. A flexible tube called a sigmoidoscope is inserted into the rectum through the anus
3. The sigmoidoscope has a camera and light on the end, which allows the doctor to visualize the inside of the colon
4. The doctor may inflate the colon with air to get a better view
5. The doctor will examine the sigmoid colon and rectum for any abnormalities, such as polyps or tumors
6. Biopsies (tissue samples) may be taken during the procedure for further examination

Types of Sigmoidoscopy

There are two main types of sigmoidoscopy:

• Flexible sigmoidoscopy: This is the most common type, which uses a flexible tube to examine the colon.
• Rigid sigmoidoscopy: This type uses a rigid tube and is less commonly used today.

Preparation

To prepare for a sigmoidoscopy, patients typically:

• Follow a special diet the day before the procedure, which may include avoiding solid foods and drinking only clear liquids
• Use an enema or laxative to cleanse the bowel
• Avoid taking certain medications, such as blood thinners, before the procedure

Risks and Complications

While sigmoidoscopy is generally a safe procedure, there are some potential risks and complications, including:

• Bleeding or perforation of the colon
• Infection
• Discomfort or pain during or after the procedure

After the Procedure

After a sigmoidoscopy, patients may:

• Experience some discomfort, bloating, or gas
• Be able to resume normal activities and diet immediately
• Receive instructions on how to manage any symptoms or complications that may arise