Shoulder Surgery (Rotator Cuff)

Shoulder surgery, specifically rotator cuff repair, is a surgical procedure aimed at repairing or replacing the damaged tendons and muscles that surround the shoulder joint. The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles and their corresponding tendons that provide stability and mobility to the shoulder.

Causes of Rotator Cuff Damage

• Overuse or repetitive strain on the shoulder joint, often seen in athletes or individuals with jobs that involve heavy lifting or overhead activities
• Trauma or injury to the shoulder, such as a fall or direct blow to the area
• Aging and wear and tear on the tendons and muscles, leading to degenerative changes
• Poor posture or biomechanics, which can put additional stress on the rotator cuff

Symptoms of Rotator Cuff Damage

• Pain in the shoulder, especially with overhead activities or heavy lifting
• Weakness or limited mobility in the shoulder joint
• Difficulty sleeping due to pain or discomfort
• A feeling of instability or looseness in the shoulder

Types of Rotator Cuff Surgery

• Open Repair: A traditional open surgery approach, where a single incision is made to access the damaged tendons and muscles
• Arthroscopic Repair: A minimally invasive procedure, where small incisions are made and a camera (arthroscope) is used to visualize the joint and repair the damage
• Mini-Open Repair: A combination of open and arthroscopic techniques, where a smaller incision is made to access the damaged area

Surgical Techniques

• Tendon Repair: The damaged tendon is repaired using sutures or other fixation devices
• Muscle Transfer: A healthy muscle is transferred to replace the damaged one
• Bone Grafting: Bone tissue is taken from another part of the body and used to repair or rebuild the damaged area

Recovery and Rehabilitation

After rotator cuff surgery, patients typically undergo a period of recovery and rehabilitation, which may include:

• Pain management with medication and physical therapy
• Immobilization in a sling or brace to protect the repair
• Gradual progression of exercises to improve range of motion and strength
• Physical therapy to promote healing and prevent future injury

Risks and Complications

• Infection or wound complications
• Nerve damage or numbness
• Bleeding or hematoma formation
• Re-rupture of the tendon or muscle
• Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

Outcomes and Expectations

The outcome of rotator cuff surgery depends on various factors, including the severity of the damage, the patient's overall health, and their adherence to post-operative rehabilitation. Generally, patients can expect:

• Significant improvement in pain and function
• Return to normal activities and sports within several months to a year
• A full recovery, although some patients may experience residual weakness or stiffness