Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections that are primarily spread through sexual contact. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, and can affect both men and women.

Types of STDs

• Chlamydia: a bacterial infection that can cause symptoms such as abnormal discharge, burning during urination, and pain during intercourse.
• Gonorrhea: a bacterial infection that can cause symptoms such as abnormal discharge, burning during urination, and pain during intercourse.
• Syphilis: a bacterial infection that can cause symptoms such as a painless sore on the genitals, mouth, or anus, followed by a rash and fever.
• Herpes: a viral infection that can cause symptoms such as painful blisters or sores on the genitals, mouth, or anus.
• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): a viral infection that can cause symptoms such as flu-like illness, followed by a long period of latency, and eventually, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
• HPV (Human Papillomavirus): a viral infection that can cause symptoms such as genital warts, cervical cancer, and other types of cancer.
• Hepatitis B: a viral infection that can cause symptoms such as liver inflammation, jaundice, and fatigue.

Causes and Risk Factors

STDs are primarily spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Other risk factors include:

• Having multiple sex partners
• Not using condoms or other barrier methods
• Having a history of STDs
• Using injectable drugs or sharing needles
• Being under the age of 25

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Symptoms of STDs can vary depending on the type of infection. Some common symptoms include:

• Abnormal discharge or bleeding
• Burning during urination
• Pain during intercourse
• Sores or blisters on the genitals, mouth, or anus
• Fever and chills

Diagnosis of STDs is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as:

• Blood tests
• Urine tests
• Swab tests
• Biopsy

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment for STDs depends on the type of infection. Some common treatments include:

• Antibiotics
• Antiviral medications
• Topical creams or ointments

Prevention of STDs includes:

• Using condoms or other barrier methods
• Getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B
• Practicing monogamy
• Avoiding injectable drugs and sharing needles
• Getting regular STD screenings

Complications and Long-term Effects

If left untreated, STDs can cause serious complications and long-term effects, including:

• Infertility
• Pregnancy complications
• Cancer
• Neurological problems
• Increased risk of HIV transmission