Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

A sentinel lymph node biopsy is a surgical procedure used to determine if cancer has spread from the primary tumor site to the nearby lymph nodes.

What is a Sentinel Lymph Node?

The sentinel lymph node, also known as the "guardian" lymph node, is the first lymph node in a group of lymph nodes that receives drainage from a tumor. It is the node most likely to contain cancer cells if the cancer has spread.

Purpose of the Procedure

The purpose of a sentinel lymph node biopsy is to:

• Determine if cancer has spread from the primary tumor site to the nearby lymph nodes
• Identify the first lymph node that receives drainage from the tumor, which can help guide further treatment
• Avoid unnecessary removal of additional lymph nodes, reducing the risk of complications such as lymphedema

How is the Procedure Performed?

The procedure typically involves the following steps:

1. A radioactive substance or a blue dye is injected near the tumor site to help identify the sentinel lymph node
2. The surgeon uses a special device to detect the radioactive substance or visually identifies the blue dye to locate the sentinel lymph node
3. The sentinel lymph node is removed and sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope to check for cancer cells

Types of Cancers that Use Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

Sentinel lymph node biopsy is commonly used in the treatment of:

• Breast cancer
• Melanoma (skin cancer)
• Vulvar cancer
• Penile cancer

Risks and Complications

As with any surgical procedure, there are risks and complications associated with sentinel lymph node biopsy, including:

• Bleeding or hematoma at the injection site
• Infection
• Allergic reaction to the radioactive substance or blue dye
• Lymphedema (swelling of the arm or leg)
• Numbness or tingling in the affected area

Recovery and Follow-up

After the procedure, patients may experience some discomfort, bruising, or swelling at the injection site. The surgeon will provide instructions on how to manage these symptoms and schedule follow-up appointments to discuss the results of the biopsy and plan further treatment.