Rh Incompatibility

Rh incompatibility is a medical condition that occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. This incompatibility can lead to the production of antibodies against the Rh-positive blood cells of the fetus, which can cause hemolysis (breakdown) of the fetal red blood cells.

What is Rh Factor?

The Rh factor is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells in most people. If an individual has the Rh factor, they are considered Rh-positive, while those who do not have it are considered Rh-negative. The Rh factor is inherited from one's parents and is determined by a specific gene.

Cause of Rh Incompatibility

Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-negative mother is exposed to Rh-positive blood cells, which can happen during pregnancy, childbirth, or abortion. This exposure can cause the mother's immune system to produce antibodies against the Rh-positive blood cells, which can then cross the placenta and attack the fetal red blood cells.

Symptoms of Rh Incompatibility

The symptoms of Rh incompatibility can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may not exhibit any noticeable symptoms, while more severe cases can lead to:

• Anemia in the fetus
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) in the newborn
• Enlargement of the spleen and liver
• Heart failure
• Stillbirth or miscarriage

Diagnosis of Rh Incompatibility

Rh incompatibility is typically diagnosed during pregnancy through a series of blood tests, including:

• Rh typing: to determine the mother's and father's Rh status
• Indirect Coombs test: to detect the presence of antibodies against Rh-positive blood cells
• Ultrasound: to monitor fetal development and detect any signs of anemia or other complications

Treatment and Prevention of Rh Incompatibility

Treatment for Rh incompatibility depends on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may not require treatment, while more severe cases may involve:

• Intrauterine transfusions: to provide the fetus with Rh-negative red blood cells
• Early delivery: to prevent further complications
• Phototherapy: to treat jaundice in the newborn
• Rh immune globulin (RhoGAM): to prevent the production of antibodies against Rh-positive blood cells

Rh incompatibility can be prevented by administering RhoGAM to Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy and after childbirth. This helps to prevent the production of antibodies against Rh-positive blood cells and reduces the risk of complications in future pregnancies.