Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy, also known as radiation therapy, is a medical treatment that uses high-energy particles or waves, such as X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams, or protons, to destroy or damage cancer cells.

Types of Radiotherapy

• External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): This is the most common type of radiotherapy, where a machine outside the body directs radiation at the cancer cells.
• Internal Radiation Therapy (Brachytherapy): This involves placing a small amount of radioactive material inside or near the tumor.
• Systemic Radiation Therapy: This type of radiotherapy uses radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream to reach cancer cells throughout the body.
• Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT): This is a specialized form of EBRT that delivers high doses of radiation to small, well-defined tumors in a few fractions.
• Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): This type of radiotherapy uses advanced technology to deliver precise doses of radiation to the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.

How Radiotherapy Works

Radiotherapy works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from growing and dividing. The goal of radiotherapy is to deliver a high enough dose of radiation to kill the cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.

Benefits and Risks of Radiotherapy

The benefits of radiotherapy include:

• Tumor shrinkage or elimination
• Pain relief
• Improved quality of life
• Cure or control of cancer in some cases

The risks and side effects of radiotherapy include:

• Fatigue
• Skin changes (redness, itching, dryness)
• Hair loss
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Increased risk of secondary cancers

Preparation and Delivery of Radiotherapy

Before starting radiotherapy, patients typically undergo a series of tests and procedures to determine the best course of treatment. These may include:

• Imaging studies (CT, MRI, PET scans)
• Tumor staging and grading
• Consultation with a radiation oncologist
• Creation of a personalized treatment plan

Radiotherapy is typically delivered in a series of fractions, with each fraction lasting several minutes. The total number of fractions and the duration of treatment vary depending on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the individual patient's needs.

Follow-up Care after Radiotherapy

After completing radiotherapy, patients typically require follow-up care to monitor their response to treatment and manage any side effects. This may include:

• Regular check-ups with a radiation oncologist
• Imaging studies to assess tumor response
• Management of side effects (e.g., pain, skin changes)
• Supportive care (e.g., nutrition counseling, emotional support)