Radiation Enteritis

Radiation enteritis is a medical condition that occurs when the small intestine is damaged due to exposure to radiation, typically during cancer treatment such as radiation therapy for abdominal or pelvic cancers.

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary cause of radiation enteritis is exposure to ionizing radiation, which can damage the lining of the small intestine and lead to inflammation, scarring, and narrowing of the intestinal lumen. Risk factors for developing radiation enteritis include:

• High doses of radiation
• Prolonged radiation treatment
• Radiation therapy to the abdominal or pelvic region
• Pre-existing intestinal conditions, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
• Age, with older adults being more susceptible to radiation damage

Symptoms

Symptoms of radiation enteritis can vary in severity and may include:

• Diarrhea, which can be bloody or watery
• Abdominal pain or cramping
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weight loss due to malabsorption of nutrients
• Bloating and gas
• Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis

Diagnosing radiation enteritis typically involves a combination of:

• Medical history, including radiation treatment details
• Physical examination
• Endoscopy or colonoscopy to visualize the intestinal lining
• Imaging studies, such as CT scans or X-rays, to assess intestinal damage and rule out other conditions
• Biopsy to confirm tissue damage and rule out other conditions, such as cancer

Treatment and Management

Treatment for radiation enteritis focuses on managing symptoms, promoting healing, and preventing further complications. This may include:

• Dietary changes, such as a low-fiber or elemental diet, to reduce intestinal irritation
• Medications to manage diarrhea, pain, and nausea
• Nutritional support, including supplements or enteral nutrition, to ensure adequate nutrient intake
• Surgery, in severe cases, to repair or remove damaged intestinal tissue
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy to promote healing and reduce inflammation

Complications and Prognosis

Radiation enteritis can lead to various complications, including:

• Malabsorption of nutrients, leading to malnutrition and weight loss
• Bowel obstruction or stricture formation
• Fistula formation, where abnormal connections form between the intestine and other organs
• Sepsis or infection due to intestinal perforation

Prognosis for radiation enteritis varies depending on the severity of the condition, effectiveness of treatment, and individual patient factors. In general, prompt medical attention and proper management can help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.